Ok - here is the solution:
Somehow the SSP had a conflict because of invalid enrollment codes. I did select them while installing but maybe they have already been used. So I deleted my old ones in the policies (in my case Apple and Android) and created new ones (marked with only SSP, maybe it's not neccessary but I did it to be sure). After that I re-installed my SSP over the old installation and tried again to open the SSP in a webbrowser. Everything is running fine now and I already enrolled different devices via SSP. Hopefully this will help someone having the same issue.
Greetings!
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