GL stands for General Ledger. You prepare a trial balance with the debit and credit balances of all the GL accounts and subsequently you prepare income statement and balance sheet. Accounts Receivable is a subsidiary ledger. In simple terms, you transact with a number of customers and those customers are due amounts to you for the goods you sold to them. These dues are current assets for you, and it is practically impossible to list out balance due from each customer in your balance sheet. So we assign these customers to a reconciliation account, club all the customer balances into this account (you don't need to do it manually - SAP posts automatically to this reconciliation account as you making postings on customers) and just show this recon a/c. balance in the balance sheet.
I would say AR sub-module is implemented if your client has customer master and each of those customers are linked to AR (reconciliation) a/c and basic configuration is done for posting on customers. In the GL sub-module, you define GL accounts for material, mfg. and non-mfg. expenses, interest, taxes, etc. and make other configuration required to enable postings on these accounts.
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